Thứ Hai, 15 tháng 6, 2020

FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES 1969-1976: Part 8: Memorandum of Conversation1 Saigon, December 19, 1972.


FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES 1969-1976
VIETNAM OCTOBER 1972 - JANUARY 1973
(FOREIGN RELATIONS of THE UNITED STATES, 1969-1976 Vol. IX, Vol. X)
Documents Excerpts for the Strategic Studies for The Republic of Vietnam


Part 1: “We believe that peace is at hand", Letter From President Nixon to South Vietnamese President Thieu, Message From the Ambassador to Vietnam (Bunker) to the President’s Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs (Haig), Preface.
Part 8:  Memorandum of Conversation1 Saigon, December 19, 1972.
Part 9 Memorandum of Conversation Saigon, December 19, 1972 (Continued)
Part 10: Memorandum of Conversation Saigon, December 19, 1972 (Continued)


197.  Memorandum of Conversation1 Saigon, December 19, 1972.

PARTICIPANTS Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker Major General Alexander M. Haig, Jr. President Nguyen Van Thieu Press Secretary Nha.
General Haig noted that the President had asked him to travel again to Saigon to explain to President Thieu the current situation in Paris and future U.S. intentions. General Haig pointed out that President Nixon had worked intensely on the Vietnam situation ever since General Haig returned to the United States from Paris on Saturday, December 9th.President Nixon had, just prior to General Haig’s departure for Saigon on Sunday night, dictated a personal letter to President Thieu. Only General Haig, Dr. Kissinger and the President were aware of the contents of this letter and no copies would be distributed in the U.S. bureaucracy. President Thieu should understand that President Nixon had written this letter only after the most careful and painful reappraisal of the situation in Southeast Asia, the current state of negotiations and especially President Thieu’s attitude with respect to them. The President is confident that President Thieu will treat this letter with the greatest secrecy. 339-370/428-S/80004 December 14–29, 1972  739 General Haig handed President Nixon’s letter to President Thieu which President Thieu read very carefully, obviously somewhat shaken by its contents.
2 General Haig stated that President Thieu had been meticulously briefed each evening in Paris as to the outcome of each day’s meetings between the U.S. and the North Vietnamese. On several occasions during the negotiating sessions, it appeared as though a final settlement would be arrived at. At times, there were only two or three outstanding issues remaining. President Thieu would recall that on Saturday, December 9, his Ambassadors were informed that only one issue remained to be resolved before the agreement was concluded.  However, at  the subsequent  meetings,  on  Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday, Le Duc Tho recalled many of the North Vietnamese concessions,  going beyond even the provisions of the original draft agreement which had been tentatively reached in October. At the outset of the second Paris round, in the latter part of November, it appeared as though Hanoi was still genuinely interested in arriving at a settlement but during a meeting held on the U.S. Thanksgiving Day, November 23rd, Le Duc Tho received a message from Hanoi which caused him to visibly blanch and call for a recess. Following that session, Le Duc Tho’s negotiating tactics shifted dramatically from what had been a conscious effort to arrive at a settlement to what was an equally conscious effort to delay, procrastinate and frustrate the arrival at an agreement. The North Vietnamese tactic was a careful blend of cordiality sufficient to prevent a break off of talks, combined with a hardnosed intransigence which never permitted the final accord to be achieved. In the final days, the North Vietnamese settled most of the remaining issues in the agreement itself but then attempted to reopen major issues of principle in the associated understandings. When the understandings themselves were largely ironed out, the pattern then turned to reopening substantive matters of principle in the related Protocols. We now had to ask ourselves what Hanoi’s intentions were and what strategy they were pursuing. There seemed little question that Hanoi now believed time was on its side. It may be that Hanoi still wishes to consummate the agreement but to defer doing so in order to improve their position. It was the U.S. view that Hanoi has been encouraged by the growing drift between Washington and Saigon. It is obvious that they may have concluded that the longer they delay the wider the gap will become and the greater the possibility that time will accomplish for them what they have been unable to achieve on the battlefield or at the negotiating table. However, 339-370/428-S/80004740   Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume IX there are other factors that may be influencing their conduct. It is obvious that they must be keenly aware of the euphoria that followed the announcement that peace was near. They, therefore, may believe that President Nixon is unable to diverge from the path towards peace. Thirdly, they have been under no military pressure north of the 20th parallel and they might well believe the Christmas season, the peace euphoria and the upcoming Presidential inauguration all converged to deter President Nixon from taking the positive military steps which their intransigence at the negotiating table has more than justified. A fourth factor might be their realization that all the preceding factors will contribute to great frustration in the U.S. Congress which is due to reconvene on January 3rd. This frustration will result in renewed efforts to pass disabling resolutions designed to terminate U.S. participation in the war and support for the Government of South Vietnam and especially the Thieu Regime. On the other hand, it could be that Hanoi was merely undecided or that the advantages gained by President Thieu’s own delays had contributed to uncertainty in the Politburo as to their ability to manage a ceasefire under the provisions now contained in the draft agreement. It is the general impression in Washington, however, that President Thieu had been the main cause for the turn in Hanoi’s attitude. President Thieu should be conscious of the fact that while this is the U.S. official judgment, Dr. Kissinger had carefully avoided placing the onus on President Thieu for the current stalemate in his briefing to the American press and the American people the previous Saturday.
3 Dr. Kissinger had gone to great lengths to develop a sophisticated exposition which placed on Hanoi’s doorstep full responsibility for the current stalemate. He had done so in the most sophisticated and credible way so as to avoid a buildup of resentment against President Thieu in the American body politic. Despite these efforts, however, this resentment was inevitable if the talks were to break down .As a result of Dr. Kissinger’s briefing, the disappointment in the U.S. had been considerable and was growing with each passing hour. Despite what is an apparent judgment in Hanoi that President Nixon would be unable to resume pressures against North Vietnam, the President had again made the courageous decision to renew the air war at a scale heretofore never contemplated. On Saturday last, the U.S. had re-seeded all of the large magnetic mines in the Haiphong channel. Con-currently, manned reconnaissance over the entire length and breadth of North Korea [North Vietnam] had been reestablished. This morning, the 339-370/428-S/80004December 14–29, 1972  741 U.S. launched a series of air raids against targets in the Hanoi-Haiphong area utilizing over 120 B–52 aircraft, together with F–111 and A–6 all-weather fighter bombers—strikes which would continue throughout the day. The target list was expanded to include targets which had heretofore been forbidden to the military. President Nixon was determined to continue these strikes at this maximum intensity for a three-day period, after which a more normal but intense pace would be maintained. This action, on the part of the President, would be strongly resented by many in the U.S. and especially those in the Congress who had long opposed the bombing of North Vietnam. It was designed to again convey to Hanoi that they could not trifle with President Nixon. More importantly, however, the action which was now underway would underline to Hanoi the determination of the President to enforce the provisions of any political settlement that might be arrived at. President Thieu also should draw appropriate conclusions from the President’s actions. There is little doubt that these actions would prove to be another severe political liability in the United States. Again, however, the President was willing to stake domestic tranquility against the proper and correct action. At the same time, President Thieu must not misread the implications of this decisive U.S. decision. The President was now more determined than ever to proceed with an agreement if Hanoi again demonstrated the reasonableness which it had shown in October. Were President Thieu to view the cur-rent state of affairs from any other perspective it would be a grave mistake. Thus, as President Nixon’s letter confirmed, President Thieu should take no comfort from the present turn of events. There will be even greater domestic pressure upon President Nixon because of the military escalation. When combined with the letdown which had already occurred due to the peace stalemate, it was likely that a hue and cry would develop for an early settlement at any cost, including the termination of support to President Thieu. The President’s position will continue to be that he will settle for an agreement which is correct and manageable. This draft is totally consistent with the U.S.–GVN joint proposals of October 1970 and January and May of 1972 which were fully endorsed by President Thieu. The President, under no circumstances, will accept a veto from Saigon on his actions. Thus, President Thieu should be fully aware that Hanoi might well in the immediate future return to the negotiating table prepared to settle. President Thieu cannot lose sight of this fact. Hanoi is aware of our requirements. Should it wish to settle, it can be done very quickly. The issues that remain are few and manageable. During the last two rounds in Paris and despite certain equivocations during the last three days, the following achievements have been arrived at: The DRV has agreed to the deletion of the phrase “administrative structure” 339-370/428-S/80004742   Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume IX which removes any remaining ambiguity about the fact that the National Council is not a government. This is precisely in accord with the position taken by Mr. Duc during his visit to Washington. Furthermore, it should be noted that Dr. Kissinger fought doggedly for each and every change recommended by President Thieu and his government.  While all of these were not accepted, they were not presented in pro forma fashion. In some instances, matters of principle were haggled over for two and three days at a time. A second accomplishment was an initial agreement by Hanoi to accept a sentence obligating both North and South Vietnam to respect the DMZ. We achieved greatly strengthened provisions on Laos and Cambodia, including a specific obligation to respect the Geneva Accords. We managed to have reference to three Indochinese countries deleted from the text of the agreement in conformance with GVN objections. While we were unable to have a reference made to four Indochinese countries, the elimination of any numbers certainly enabled President Thieu to maintain that four countries did, in fact, exist. We obtained Hanoi’s agreement to compress the time between the cease-fires in South Vietnam and those in Laos from 30 days to 20 days and we were going to continue to press for further compression to ten days. We had obtained an approved military replacement provision which gives a greater assurance that we can continue to provide all the military aid needed by Saigon under the ceasefire conditions. There were also numerous other changes made to improve the tone and precision of the document. With respect to the signature itself, Hanoi had agreed and later withdrawn a proposal through which there would be three documents. One containing the preamble listing all four parties would be signed by the U.S. and the DRV. A second containing only the agreement itself, less the preamble which contained no reference to the PRG, would be signed by the GVN. A similar document without the preamble would be signed by the so-called PRG. Thus, the three documents when merged would constitute the instrument. General Haig asked President Thieu to comment specifically as to whether or not such a signing procedure would be acceptable since, in effect, it meant that President Thieu would not be affixing a GVN signature to a document which specifically recognized the PRG as a Government. Furthermore, if such a solution were acceptable to President Thieu, the U.S. for its part would insist on a footnote which specifically makes the point that the U.S. signature did not constitute recognition of the PRG. The U.S. side believes that if all of these changes were to survive a suitable agreement would result, and it is President Nixon’s intention to proceed with it or to seek another alternative which could only be at the expense of GVN interests. 339-370/428-S/80004December 14–29, 1972  743 Furthermore, President Thieu should be very much aware that in addition to the improvements in the text of the agreement itself, the 60 days delay has enabled us to provide President Thieu with over $1 billion of additional equipment. The delay has disrupted enemy military plans geared to a late October agreement and ceasefire. President Thieu has been able to demonstrate before his own countrymen and world opinion at large that he is anything but a puppet of the U.S. We have also insured that at least some of the international control machinery will be in place at the time of the ceasefire. And, finally, President Thieu has managed to unify support in his own country to a degree heretofore unmatched. For all these reasons, President Nixon is convinced that President Thieu and his government can no longer objectively oppose a settlement which offers a reasonable chance to the people of South Vietnam to avoid the disastrous consequences of a communist imposed regime. In President Nixon’s view, and that of Dr. Kissinger and General Haig as well, it is difficult to understand why President Thieu persists in describing the political formula in the agreement as the imposition of a disguised coalition government. The facts are clear and incontrovertible. On the political side, the communists have dropped their long and insistent demands for a coalition government and President Thieu’s resignation. As President Thieu has long insisted, the political future is left to him to negotiate with the other side, with all of the assets of his governmental structure, his Army, police and other branches kept intact. The only political provisions are for a National Council which President Thieu has unfairly and incorrectly portrayed as a forerunner of a coalition government. Were he to continue to do so, he would psychologically endow what is no more than an Advisory Committee with the very governmental functions that its authors had eliminated from its character. Even Hanoi’s negotiators had conceded explicitly and repeatedly that the Committee lacked any governmental power. It is clear that the Council is little more than a dressed up electoral commission along the lines of the U.S.–GVN January 1972 proposal. President Thieu would control at least one-half the membership and the Committee will operate on the principle of unanimity. Its only tasks were to supervise an election whose nature and timing are left to the South Vietnamese parties to decide. It was also to help promote implementation of the agreement. Thus, to claim a simple Advisory Body was endowed with governmental powers was self-defeating in the extreme. On the other hand, President Nixon, Dr. Kissinger and General Haig understood completely President Thieu’s concerns on the military side, especially those generated by the continuing presence of North Vietnamese troops in South Vietnam. Certainly, President Nixon, who has been in the forefront of anti-communist battles throughout his political career was not naive about this issue.


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197. Bản ghi nhớ cuộc trò chuyện Sài Gòn, ngày 19 tháng 12 năm 1972.
Bản dịch Việt ngữ Hoàng Hoa VNR Vietnam Review

THÀNH PHẦN THAM DỰ Đại sứ Ellsworth Bunker Thiếu tướng Alexander M. Haig Jr., Tổng thống Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, Tổng Trưởng báo chí Nha.
Tướng Haig lưu ý rằng Tổng thống (President R. Nixon) đã yêu cầu ông trở lại Sài Gòn để giải thích với Tổng thống Thiệu về tình hình hiện tại ở Paris và những dự định trong tương lai của Hoa Kỳ. Tướng Haig chỉ ra rằng Tổng thống Nixon đã làm việc rất tích cực về tình hình Việt Nam kể từ khi Tướng Haig trở về Hoa Kỳ từ Paris vào Thứ Bảy, ngày 9 tháng 12. President Nixon, ngay trước khi Tướng Haig rời Sài Gòn vào tối Chủ nhật, đã đọc viết một Thư riȇng gửi Tổng thống Thiệu. Chỉ có Tướng Haig, Tiến sĩ Kissinger và Tổng thống biết về nội dung của bức thư này và không có bản sao nào được phân phát trong bộ máy hành chánh của Hoa Kỳ. Tổng thống Thiệu nên hiểu rằng Tổng thống Nixon đã viết bức thư này chỉ sau khi đánh giá lại cẩn thận và đau lòng nhất về tình hình ở Đông Nam Á, tình trạng đàm phán hiện nay và đặc biệt là thái độ của Tổng thống Thiệu đối với họ. Tổng thống tự tin rằng Tổng thống Thiệu sẽ đối xử với bức thư này một cách bí mật nhất. 339-370 / 428-S / 80004 14 tháng 12 năm1972 739 Tướng Haig trao thư của Tổng thống Nixon cho Tổng thống Thiệu mà Tổng thống Thiệu đọc rất cẩn thận, rõ ràng có phần bị lung lay bởi nội dung của nó.
2 Tướng Haig tuyên bố rằng Tổng thống Thiệu đã được thông báo một cách tỉ mỉ vào mỗi buổi tối ở Paris về kết quả của các cuộc họp mỗi ngày giữa Hoa Kỳ và Bắc Việt. Trong một số dịp trong các phiên đàm phán, có vẻ như một thỏa thuận cuối cùng sẽ được đưa ra. Đôi khi, chỉ còn hai hoặc ba vấn đề còn tồn tại. Tổng thống Thiệu sẽ nhớ lại rằng vào Thứ Bảy, ngày 9 tháng 12, các Đại sứ của ông được thông báo rằng chỉ còn một vấn đề cần giải quyết trước khi thỏa thuận được ký kết. Tuy nhiên, tại các cuộc họp tiếp theo, vào thứ Hai, thứ Ba và thứ Tư, Lê Đức Thơ đã nhớ lại nhiều nhượng bộ của Bắc Việt, vượt xa cả những điều khoản của dự thảo thỏa thuận ban đầu đã đạt được vào tháng Mười. Vào đầu vòng thứ hai của Paris, vào cuối tháng 11, có vẻ như Hà Nội vẫn thực sự quan tâm đi đến một dàn xếp nhưng trong một cuộc họp diễn ra vào ngày Lễ Tạ ơn Hoa Kỳ, ngày 23 tháng 11, Lê Đức Thơ đã nhận được một tin nhắn từ Hà Nội khiến ông ta lộ rõ tái mặt và kêu gọi nghỉ phiȇn họp. Sau phiên họp đó, các chiến thuật đàm phán của Lê Đức Thọ đã thay đổi đáng kể từ những nỗ lực có ý thức để đi đến một cuộc dàn xếp thành một nỗ lực có ý thức không kém để trì hoãn, trì hoãn và làm nản lòng đi tới thỏa thuận. Chiến thuật của Bắc Việt là một sự pha trộn cẩn thận của sự thân mật đủ để phá vỡ các cuộc đàm phán, kết hợp với một sự cứng đầu cứng rắn không bao giờ cho phép đạt được thỏa thuận cuối cùng. Trong những ngày cuối cùng, Bắc Việt đã giải quyết hầu hết các vấn đề còn lại trong bản thỏa thuận nhưng sau đó đã cố gắng mở lại các vấn đề chính về nguyên tắc theo cách hiểu liên quan. Khi sự hiểu biết phần lớn được giải quyết, mô hình sau đó chuyển sang mở lại các vấn đề thực chất về nguyên tắc trong các Nghị định thư liên quan. Bây giờ chúng tôi phải tự hỏi ý định của Hà Nội là gì và họ đang theo đuổi chiến lược nào. Dường như có rất ít câu hỏi rằng bây giờ Hà Nội tin rằng thời gian đã đứng về phía họ. Có thể là Hà Nội vẫn muốn thỏa thuận nhưng muốn làm như vậy để cải thiện vị trí của họ. Quan điểm của Hoa Kỳ rằng Hà Nội đã được khuyến khích bởi sự dời xa ngày càng tăng giữa Washington và Sài Gòn. Rõ ràng là họ có thể đã kết luận rằng họ càng trì hoãn lâu thì khoảng cách sẽ càng lớn và có khả năng càng cao là thời gian sẽ hoàn thành cho họ những gì họ không thể đạt được trên chiến trường hoặc trên bàn đàm phán. Tuy nhiên, 339-370 / 428-S / 80004740 Quan hệ đối ngoại, 1969-1976, Tập IX, có những yếu tố khác có thể ảnh hưởng đến hành vi của họ. Rõ ràng là họ phải nhận thức sâu sắc về sự hưng phấn theo sau thông báo rằng hòa bình đã gần kề. Do đó, họ có thể tin rằng Tổng thống Nixon không thể chuyển hướng khỏi con đường hướng tới hòa bình. Thứ ba, họ không chịu áp lực quân sự ở phía bắc vĩ tuyến 20 và họ có thể tin vào mùa Giáng sinh, sự hưng phấn hòa bình và lễ nhậm chức Tổng thống sắp tới đều hội tụ để ngăn cản Tổng thống Nixon thực hiện các bước quân sự tích cực mà sự không khoan nhượng của họ tại bàn đàm phán đã rõ ràng đạt được nhiều hơn. Một yếu tố thứ tư có thể là nhận thức của họ rằng tất cả các yếu tố trước kia sẽ góp phần gây ra sự thất vọng lớn trong Quốc hội Hoa Kỳ, dự kiến sẽ được tái họp vào ngày 3 tháng 1. Sự thất vọng này sẽ dẫn đến những nỗ lực đổi mới để thông qua các nghị quyết không hiệu lực được thiết kế nhằm chấm dứt sự tham gia của Hoa Kỳ trong cuộc chiến và hỗ trợ cho Chính phủ Nam Việt Nam và đặc biệt là Chế độ Thiệu. Mặt khác, có thể là Hà Nội chỉ đơn thuần là không quyết định hoặc những lợi thế đạt được từ sự chậm trễ của chính Tổng thống Thiệu đã góp phần gây ra sự không chắc chắn trong Bộ Chính trị về khả năng quản lý lệnh ngừng bắn theo các điều khoản hiện có trong dự thảo thỏa thuận. Đó là ấn tượng chung ở Washington, tuy nhiên, Tổng thống Thiệu là nguyên nhân chính dẫn đến sự thay đổi trong thái độ của Hà Nội. Tổng thống Thiệu nên nhận thức được thực tế rằng trong khi đây là phán quyết chính thức của Hoa Kỳ, Tiến sĩ Kissinger đã cẩn thận tránh đặt trách nhiệm lên Tổng thống Thiệu vì sự bế tắc hiện tại trong cuộc họp báo với báo chí Mỹ và nhân dân Mỹ hôm thứ Bảy trước.
3 Tiến sĩ Kissinger đã vượt một khoảng cách rất xa để phát triển một giải thích tinh tế đặt trước ngưỡng cửa của Hà Nội chịu trách nhiệm hoàn toàn cho sự bế tắc hiện tại. Ông đã làm như vậy theo cách tinh vi và đáng tin cậy nhất để tránh sự phẫn nộ chống lại Tổng thống Thiệu trong cơ quan chính trị Mỹ. Mặc dù có những nỗ lực này, tuy nhiên, sự phẫn nộ này là không thể tránh khỏi nếu các cuộc đàm phán bị phá vỡ. Do kết quả của cuộc họp của Tiến sĩ Kissinger, sự thất vọng ở Mỹ là đáng kể và đang tăng lên theo từng giờ. Bất chấp một phán quyết rõ ràng ở Hà Nội rằng Tổng thống Nixon sẽ không thể tiếp tục gây áp lực đối với Bắc Việt Nam, Tổng thống một lần nữa đưa ra quyết định dũng cảm để làm mới cuộc chiến tranh trên không ở quy mô từ trước đến nay chưa bao giờ được dự tính. Vào thứ bảy tuần trước, Mỹ đã gài lại tất cả các mìn từ tính lớn trong kênh Hải Phòng. Cùng lúc, trinh sát có người lái trên toàn bộ chiều dài và chiều rộng của Bắc Việt Nam đã được thiết lập lại. Sáng nay, 339-370 / 428-S / 80004 Ngày 14 tháng 12 năm 1972, 741 Hoa Kỳ đã phát động một loạt các cuộc không kích vào các mục tiêu trong khu vực Hà Nội-Hải Phòng sử dụng hơn 120 máy bay B-52, cùng với F-111 và A-6 máy bay ném bom chiến đấu mọi thời tiết, các cuộc thả bom sẽ tiếp tục trong suốt cả ngày. Danh sách mục tiêu đã được mở rộng để bao gồm các mục tiêu đã từng bị cấm trong quân đội. Tổng thống Nixon đã quyết tâm tiếp tục các cuộc ném bom ở cường độ tối đa này trong thời gian ba ngày, sau đó tốc độ bình thường nhưng dữ dội hơn sẽ được duy trì. Hành động này, về phía Tổng thống, sẽ bị nhiều người ở Mỹ phẫn nộ và đặc biệt là những người trong Quốc hội, những người từ lâu đã phản đối vụ đánh bom miền Bắc Việt Nam. Nó được thiết kế để một lần nữa truyền đạt tới Hà Nội rằng họ không thể xem thường với Tổng thống Nixon. Tuy nhiên, quan trọng hơn, hành động hiện đang được tiến hành sẽ nhấn mạnh đến Hà Nội quyết tâm của Tổng thống trong việc thực thi các quy định của bất kỳ thỏa thuận chính trị nào có thể được đưa ra. Tổng thống Thiệu cũng nên rút ra kết luận thích hợp từ hành động của Tổng thống. Có rất ít nghi ngờ rằng những hành động này sẽ chứng tỏ là một trách nhiệm chính trị nghiêm trọng khác ở Hoa Kỳ. Tuy nhiên, một lần nữa, Tổng thống đã sẵn sàng để liều sự yên tĩnh trong nước đổi lấy hành động lẻ phải và đúng đắn. Đồng thời, Tổng thống Thiệu không được hiểu sai ý nghĩa của quyết định tối hậu này của Mỹ. Tổng thống bây giờ đã quyết tâm hơn bao giờ hết để tiến hành một thỏa thuận nếu Hà Nội một lần nữa chứng minh tính hợp lý mà nó đã thể hiện vào tháng Mười. Nếu Tổng thống Thiệu đã xem tình trạng các quan hệ hiện nay từ một viễn cảnh khác, đó sẽ là một sai lầm nghiêm trọng. Do đó, như thư của Tổng thống Nixon đã xác nhận, Tổng thống Thiệu không nên thoải mái trước diễn biến các sự kiện hiện tại. Sẽ còn áp lực trong nước lớn hơn đối với Tổng thống Nixon vì sự leo thang của quân sự. Khi kết hợp với sự thất vọng đã xảy ra do bế tắc hòa bình, có khả năng một sự kȇu gào sẽ phát triển để giải quyết sớm bằng bất cứ giá nào, bao gồm cả việc chấm dứt hỗ trợ cho Tổng thống Thiệu. Quan điểm của Tổng thống sẽ tiếp tục là ông sẽ giải quyết một thỏa thuận chính xác và có thể quản lý được. Dự thảo này hoàn toàn phù hợp với các đề nghị chung của Hoa Kỳ và VNCH trong tháng 10 năm 1970 và tháng 1 và tháng 5 năm 1972 đã hoàn toàn được Tổng thống Thiệu xác nhận. Tổng thống, trong mọi trường hợp, sẽ chấp nhận quyền phủ quyết từ Sài Gòn về hành động của mình. Vì vậy, Tổng thống Thiệu nên nhận thức đầy đủ rằng Hà Nội có thể sẽ sớm trở lại bàn đàm phán trong tương lai gần để chuẩn bị giải quyết. Tổng thống Thiệu không thể đánh mất sự thật này. Hà Nội nhận thức được các yêu cầu của chúng ta. Nếu nó muốn giải quyết, nó có thể được thực hiện rất nhanh. Các vấn đề còn lại là rất ít và có thể quản lý được. Trong hai vòng cuối cùng ở Paris và mặc dù có một số biến động nhất định trong ba ngày qua, những thành tựu sau đây đã đạt được: Bắc Việt đã đồng ý xóa cụm từ “cấu trúc hành chính” 339-370 / 428-S / 80004742 Quan hệ đối ngoại 1969 1969191976, Tập IX, để loại bỏ bất kỳ sự mơ hồ còn lại nào về thực tế rằng Hội đồng quốc gia không phải là một chính phủ. Điều này hoàn toàn phù hợp với vị trí của ông Đức trong chuyến thăm Washington. Hơn nữa, cần lưu ý rằng Tiến sĩ Kissinger đã chiến đấu kiên cường cho từng thay đổi được đề nghị bởi Tổng thống Thiệu và chính phủ của ông. Mặc dù tất cả những thứ này không được chấp nhận, nhưng chúng không được trình bày theo kiểu hình thức lấy lệ. Trong một số trường hợp, các vấn đề về nguyên tắc đã được mặc cả trong hai và ba ngày một lần. Thành tựu thứ hai là một thỏa thuận ban đầu của Hà Nội để chấp nhận một câu bắt buộc cả Bắc và Nam Việt Nam phải tôn trọng Khu Phi Quân Sự. Chúng tôi đã đạt được các điều khoản được tăng cường đáng kể về Lào và Campuchia, bao gồm cả nghĩa vụ cụ thể để tôn trọng Hiệp định Genève. Chúng tôi thu xếp để có tham chiếu đến ba quốc gia Đông Dương đã bị xóa khỏi văn bản của thỏa thuận phù hợp với sự phản đối của Việt Nam Cộng Hòa. Mặc dù chúng tôi không thể có một tài liệu tham khảo cho bốn quốc gia Đông Dương, việc loại bỏ bất kỳ con số nào chắc chắn đã cho phép Tổng thống Thiệu duy trì rằng trên thực tế, bốn quốc gia đã tồn tại. Chúng tôi đã đạt được thỏa thuận của Hà Nội để nén thời gian giữa các vụ ngừng bắn ở miền Nam Việt Nam và những người ở Lào từ 30 ngày đến 20 ngày và chúng tôi sẽ tiếp tục nhấn để tiếp tục nén đến mười ngày. Chúng tôi đã có được một điều khoản thay thế quân sự được phê duyệt, điều này đảm bảo chắc chắn hơn rằng chúng tôi có thể tiếp tục cung cấp tất cả viện trợ quân sự cần thiết cho Sài Gòn trong các điều kiện ngừng bắn. Ngoài ra còn có nhiều thay đổi khác được thực hiện để cải thiện âm sắc và độ chính xác của tài liệu. Đối với chữ ký, Hà Nội đã đồng ý và sau đó rút lại một đề nghị thông qua đó sẽ có ba tài liệu. Một trong đó có phần mở đầu liệt kê tất cả bốn bên sẽ được ký bởi Hoa Kỳ và VNDCCH . Một tài liệu thứ hai chỉ chứa bản thỏa thuận, trừ phần mở đầu không có tham chiếu đến Chính phủ Cách Mạng Lâm Thời, sẽ được ký bởi Chính phủ VNCH. Một tài liệu tương tự mà không có lời mở đầu sẽ được ký bởi Chính phủ Cách Mạng Lâm Thời. Do đó, ba tài liệu khi sáp nhập sẽ tạo thành công cụ. Tướng Haig yêu cầu Tổng thống Thiệu bình luận cụ thể về việc liệu thủ tục ký như vậy có được chấp nhận hay không vì thực tế, điều đó có nghĩa là Tổng thống Thiệu sẽ không gắn chữ ký của VNCH vào một tài liệu công nhận cụ thể Chính phủ Cách Mạng Lâm Thời là Chính phủ. Hơn nữa, nếu một giải pháp như vậy được Tổng thống Thiệu chấp nhận, Về phần mình, Hoa Kỳ sẽ nhấn mạnh vào một chú thích trong đó đặc biệt đưa ra quan điểm rằng chữ ký của Hoa Kỳ không cấu thành sự công nhận của Chính phủ Cách Mạng Lâm Thời. Phía Hoa Kỳ tin rằng nếu tất cả những thay đổi này là để tồn tại một thỏa thuận phù hợp sẽ có kết quả, và đó là ý định của Tổng thống Nixon để tiến hành hoặc tìm kiếm một sự thay thế khác chỉ có thể là cho lợi ích của Chính phủ VNCH. 339-370 / 428-S / 80004 Ngày 14 tháng 11 năm 1972 743 Ngoài ra, Tổng thống Thiệu cần lưu ý rất nhiều rằng ngoài những cải tiến trong văn bản của thỏa thuận, việc trì hoãn 60 ngày đã cho phép chúng tôi cung cấp cho Tổng thống Thiệu hơn 1 tỷ đô la của thiết bị bổ sung. Sự chậm trễ đã phá vỡ các kế hoạch quân sự của kẻ thù hướng đến một thỏa thuận cuối tháng 10 và ngừng bắn. Tổng thống Thiệu đã có thể chứng minh trước chính những người đồng hương và thế giới của mình rằng ông là bất cứ thứ gì ngoại trừ một con rối của Hoa Kỳ Chúng tôi cũng đã bảo đảm rằng ít nhất một số máy móc kiểm soát quốc tế sẽ được đưa vào thời điểm ngừng bắn. Và, cuối cùng, Tổng thống Thiệu đã tìm cách thống nhất sự hỗ trợ ở đất nước của mình đến một mức độ từ trước đến giờ không thể so sánh được. Vì tất cả những lý do này, Tổng thống Nixon tin chắc rằng Tổng thống Thiệu và chính phủ của ông không còn có thể phản đối một cách khách quan một giải pháp mang lại cơ hội hợp lý cho người dân miền Nam Việt Nam để tránh hậu quả tai hại của một chế độ cộng sản mang đến. Theo quan điểm của Tổng thống Nixon, và của Tiến sĩ Kissinger và Tướng Haig nữa, thật khó hiểu tại sao Tổng thống Thiệu vẫn kiên trì mô tả công thức chính trị trong thỏa thuận là sự áp đặt của một chính phủ liên minh trá hình. Sự thật là rõ ràng và không thể thay đổi. Về mặt chính trị, những người cộng sản đã từ bỏ yêu cầu lâu dài và khăng khăng của họ đối với một chính phủ liên minh và sự từ chức của Tổng thống Thiệu. Như Tổng thống Thiệu đã khẳng định từ lâu, tương lai chính trị còn lại để ông đàm phán với phía bên kia, với tất cả tài sản trong cơ cấu chính phủ của ông, Quân đội, cảnh sát và các chi nhánh khác vẫn được giữ nguyên. Các điều khoản chính trị duy nhất là dành cho một Hội đồng Quốc gia mà Tổng thống Thiệu đã mô tả không công bằng và không chính xác như là tiền thân của một chính phủ liên minh. Nếu ông ấy sẽ tiếp tục làm như vậy, về mặt tâm lý, ông sẽ ban cho những gì không khác gì một Ủy ban Cố vấn với các chức năng chính phủ mà các tác giả của nó đã loại bỏ khỏi tính cách của nó. Ngay cả các nhà đàm phán của Hà Nội đã thừa nhận rõ ràng và nhiều lần rằng Ủy ban không có bất kỳ quyền lực chính phủ nào. Rõ ràng là Hội đồng không chỉ là một ủy ban bầu cử về bề ngoài theo đề nghị của Hoa Kỳ-VNCH tháng 1 năm 1972. Tổng thống Thiệu sẽ kiểm soát ít nhất một nửa số thành viên và Ủy ban sẽ hoạt động theo nguyên tắc hoàn toàn đồng ý. Nhiệm vụ duy nhất của nó là giám sát một cuộc bầu cử mà bản chất và thời gian được để cho các thành phần miền Nam quyết định. Nó cũng là để giúp thúc đẩy thực hiện thỏa thuận. Do đó, để tuyên bố một Cơ quan Tư vấn đơn giản đã được ban cho các quyền lực chính phủ là tự đánh bại mình trong cùng cực. Mặt khác, Tổng thống Nixon, Tiến sĩ Kissinger và Tướng Haig hiểu hoàn toàn mối quan tâm của Tổng thống Thiệu về phía quân đội, đặc biệt là những vấn đề được tạo ra bởi sự hiện diện liên tục của quân đội Bắc Việt Nam tại miền Nam Việt Nam. Chắc chắn, Tổng thống Nixon, người luôn đi đầu trong các cuộc chiến chống cộng trong suốt sự nghiệp chính trị của mình đã không ngây thơ về vấn đề này.
(Còn tiếp)



SOUTHEAST ASIA MEDIA ACTIVITIES (AFP) Trump appointee shakes up US broadcasting, raising fears. (Deadline) Voice Of America Director, Deputy Director Resign After Donald Trump-Selected CEO Takes Over At Global Media Agency. (Huff Post) Voice Of America Denounces CDC For Blacklisting Reporters After White House Smear

 SOUTHEAST ASIA MEDIA ACTIVITIES
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Politics

Trump appointee shakes up US broadcasting, raising fears

President Donald Trump, who has consistently railed against the news media, has appointed a new head of the agency overseeing government broadcasters, raising fears they could lose their editorial independence and be turned into poliitical tools (AFP Photo/POOL)
President Donald Trump, who has consistently railed against the news media, has appointed a new head of the agency overseeing government broadcasters, raising fears they could lose their editorial independence and be turned into poliitical tools (AFP Photo/POOL)

Washington (AFP) - The head of the US agency overseeing government-funded broadcasters including Voice of America and Radio Free Asia has begun a massive shakeup, raising fears the news outlets are being politicized.

The organizations' directors have either quit or been fired by the new head of the US Agency for Global Media (USAGM), Michael Pack, according to lawmakers.

The moves have raised concerns that the appointee of President Donald Trump will seek to end the editorial independence of the outlets which include Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Radio Free Asia, Middle East Broadcasting Networks, Voice of America and Radio and TV Marti.

Voice of America director Amanda Bennett and deputy director Sandy Sugawara, both veteran journalists, announced their resignations Monday as Pack was preparing to assume his duties.

On Wednesday, Pack dismissed the heads of the other outlets and dissolved the oversight boards of the organizations at the agency, which is government funded but structured to operate with editorial independence and serve countries lacking a free press.

Lawmakers and others voiced alarm that the outlets could become tools of Trump, who has long denounced mainstream media.

"Michael Pack has confirmed he is on a political mission to destroy the USAGM's independence and undermine its historic role," said Senator Bob Menendez, a New Jersey Democrat.

"The wholesale firing of the agency's network heads, and disbanding of corporate boards to install President Trump's political allies is an egregious breach of this organization's history and mission from which it may never recover."

Janet Steele, director of the Institute for Public Diplomacy and Global Communication at George Washington University, also expressed concern.

"The sacking of the heads of those three news outlets confirms the worst fears of those of us who believed that the appointment of Michael Pack was part of an effort to turn USAGM into the international propaganda arm of the Trump administration," Steele said.

The White House in April accused VOA of spreading Chinese "propaganda" about the coronavirus pandemic, and instructed US health officials to refuse interviews to the news organization, according to Bennett.

"This kind of blatant political interference has long been the norm in the developing countries with which I'm most familiar, but not in the US," Steele said.

"It is thus a very sad day for those of us who value the contribution of journalists at USAGM -- many of whom themselves escaped authoritarian regimes -- and credible, non-partisan reporting."

Responding to an AFP query, the agency said Pack intends to "steer the agency back toward its mission: 'to inform, engage, and connect people around the world in support of freedom and democracy.'"

In an email to employees, Pack said he was "fully committed to honoring VOA's charter," as well as the missions of the other news outlets.


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Politics

Voice Of America Director, Deputy Director Resign After Donald Trump-Selected CEO Takes Over At Global Media Agency

Ted Johnson
Deadline

Click here to read the full article.

Voice of America Director Amanda Bennett and Deputy Director Sandy Sugawara resigned on Monday, after defending the government-backed media outlet from withering attacks from the White House and President Donald Trump.

Trump’s choice to lead the U.S. Agency for Global Media, Michael Pack, was confirmed by the Senate earlier this month. In a note to staff on Monday morning, Bennett said that Pack has the right to replace them with his own VOA leadership.

More from Deadline

Bennett also said that Pack “swore before Congress to respect and honor the firewall that guarantees VOA’s independence, which in turn plays the single most important role in the stunning trust VOA’s audiences around the world have in the organization,” a spokesperson for VOA said. “She remarked that she and Deputy Director Sugawara know that all VOA staff members will offer him all of their skills, their professionalism, their dedication to mission, their journalistic integrity and their personal hard work to guarantee that promise is fulfilled.”

Bennett had defended the agency after the White House attacked its coverage of the coronavirus crisis, claiming that it “amplified Beijing’s propaganda.”

“We are thoroughly covering China’s disinformation and misinformation in English and Mandarin and at the same time reporting factually –– as we always do in all 47 of our broadcast languages — on other events in China,” Bennett wrote in April.

But Trump’s attacks continued, as he called the outlet a “disgrace.”

Over the weekend, Bennett also weighed in after a report that the Centers for Disease Control had blacklisted VOA from interviews, including those coming from one of its on air personalities, Greta Van Susteren. The Knight First Amendment Institute published emails obtained in a Freedom of Information Act request, showing that CDC public affairs staff told public affairs staff to ignore VOA media requests.

Bennett said in a statement that “efforts such as those outlined in the CDC memo can result in the kind of chilling effect on our journalism that we regularly see in the markets we broadcast to that have no free press – including in China and Russia.”

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Politics

Voice Of America Denounces CDC For Blacklisting Reporters After White House Smear

Mary Papenfuss
HuffPost
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was ordered in April not to cooperate with the Voice of America because the White House claimed the government-funded news service was disseminating Chinese “propaganda,” according to an email unearthed by a watchdog organization.
The bizarre White House attack on the federally funded VOA said “much of the U.S. media takes its lead from China.” The broadside was so odd that many initially thought hackers had posted it on the White House website, The New York Times reported.
The Voice of America’s director on Sunday angrily responded to the CDC, calling the freeze on its reporters “shocking” and “troubling” and comparing the action to authoritarian nations without a free press — like China.
In the April 30 CDC email, obtained by Just Security and released Friday, Michawn Rich informs the organization’s press staff: “As a rule, do not send up [press interview] requests from [VOA reporter] Greta von Susteren or anyone working for VOA because of this” — and links to the White House statement. Rich, communications director for Agriculture Secretary Sonny Perdue, was assigned to the CDC in March to shape the CDC’s press response to the coronavirus pandemic.
The White House statement posted in early April accused the Voice of America of amplifying “Beijing’s propaganda.” As an example, the statement cited a comment in a VOA article that China’s strict lockdown at the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak was successful in stemming the spread of the disease — a view widely held by scientists around the world.
The statement also accused the VOA of using “Communist government statistics” to compare China’s coronavirus death toll to America’s. In fact, the VOA used figures provided by the Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center in Baltimore, widely considered the gold standard of pandemic statistics.
At the time the statement was issued, the U.S. COVID-19 death toll had surpassed China, and President Donald Trump had begun to accuse the Chinese government of lying about its figures — and blaming China for the pandemic.
The VOA responded to the White House statement with a long list of its articles critical of China based on what it called “verifiable facts.” It also bitingly pointed out the difference between “state-controlled” media — compelled to follow the party line — and “publicly-funded independent media,” like the VOA, which “shows all sides of an issue.”
On Sunday, the VOA issued a scathing response to the CDC email.
“We were shocked to read the internal CDC documents instructing the agency’s media relations office to refuse media requests from ‘anyone associated with Voice of America,’ citing White House” accusations that the VOA was spreading “Chinese propaganda,” director Amanda Bennett, a Pulitzer Prize-winning investigative journalist, said in a statement. “VOA, a federally funded independent news organization, strongly rejects the accusations and calls on the CDC to immediately withdraw the instructions.”
For a “federal agency’s public affairs office to categorically deny in advance interview requests from VOA journalists ... based on a White House opinion statement ... is even more troubling,” Bennett continued.
The attack on the VOA is occurring as Trump is making a power play to control the organization and force it to spin positive coverage for his administration. The Senate early this month voted to make conservative filmmaker and Steve Bannon pal Michael Pack head of the U.S. Agency for Global Media, the federal agency that oversees the VOA.
The New York Times reported that Trump intervened to nail down Pack’s confirmation quickly amid an investigation by the attorney general for the District of Columbia into whether Pack diverted at least $1.6 million in donations to his nonprofit organization to his for-profit film company. That investigation is continuing.

Chủ Nhật, 14 tháng 6, 2020

MILITARY ACTIVITIES East Sea and West Pacific June 16, 2020 - July 16, 2020 (RFA) Chinese Maritime Militia on the Move in Disputed Spratly Islands. (RFA) US Watching if Beijing Declares Air Defense Zone in South China Sea. (RFA) China Resumes Dredging at Woody Island in the Paracels. (AFP) Japan city to rename area of islands disputed with China. (The National Interest) More F-35 Stealth Fighters Are Headed to South Korea. (Reuters) Taiwan jets 'drive away' intruding Chinese fighter plane, third intrusion in days. (National Review) A History of the 2025 Sino–American War in the South China Sea. (News Flare) India's biggest fan of Donald Trump celebrates US president's 74th birthday. (The National Interest) HIMARS Could Be A Game-changer In The Philippines Fight Against China.

MILITARY ACTIVITIES EAST SEA and INDO-PACIFIC June 16, 2020 - July 16, 2020

Links: May 15, 2020 

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Chinese Maritime Militia on the Move in Disputed Spratly Islands

By Drake Long
2020-03-24

Annotated map showing the path of five Chinese maritime militia ships passing through the Union Banks in the Spratly islands during the first three weeks of March, 2020.
Annotated map showing the path of five Chinese maritime militia ships passing through the Union Banks in the Spratly islands during the first three weeks of March, 2020.
 RFA

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China Ups Ante in South China Sea With New Place Names, Administrative Districts

By Drake Long
2020-04-20

https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/southchinasea-names-04202020180723.html

China has upped the ante amid rising tensions in the South China Sea by declaring two new administrative districts for the contested region and releasing a new map naming all the islands and reefs it claims.

The provocative moves come as Beijing faces diplomatic pushback from some of its Southeast Asian neighbors against its sweeping assertion of sovereignty across the resource-rich sea.

It also takes place as the China’s Coast Guard and maritime militia pressure other claimants, even as they grapple with the global coronavirus pandemic. Most recently, China has deployed a survey vessel and escort ships near an oil field off the coast of Malaysia.

China’s announcement on the administrative measures came this weekend. The State Council, China’s top administrative body, approved the creation of two new municipal districts: Nansha District, which is based at Fiery Cross Reef, an artificial island built by China that it says will oversee all of the Spratly Islands and their surrounding waters; and Xisha District, based on Woody Island, which will oversee the Paracel Islands.

It follows the July 2012 declaration of Sansha City on Woody Island as China’s administrative center for the region. The two new districts cover a vast but largely uninhabited area. They are incorporated under Sansha, which itself has only 1,800 permanent residents.

China’s Global Television Network on Saturday described Sansha as a prefecture-level city that compromises only 20 square kilometers of land area but oversees “nearly two million square kilometers.”

The declaration comes despite unresolved territorial disputes across that area, and efforts by China and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to forge a binding code of conduct.

Vietnam, which claims both the Paracels and the Spratlys, immediately condemned the announcement of the two new districts by China, calling it a serious violation of its sovereignty.

Pooja Bhatt, author of Nine-Dash Line: Deciphering the South China Sea Conundrum, said China’s move was intended to cement its territorial claims, which were undermined by a Permanent Court of Arbitration verdict from 2016. That verdict found that most of the land features it occupies in the South China Sea were actually rocks originally, due to lack of human habitation and economic activity. By inhabiting them now, China in time seeks to have these features regarded as islands entitled to territorial waters and exclusive economic zones, she said.

“Second, having administrative units can justify the presence of military and defense installations for protection purposes,” Bhatt said. “Furthermore the establishment of these cities increases the area of operation over the vast maritime domain in the South China Sea.”

China has constructed airstrips and military infrastructure at a number of the artificial islands it has built in the South China Sea in recent years, including at Fiery Cross Reef, where commercial satellite imagery provider ImageSat International recently spotted military aircraft.

On April 6, the U.S. State Department had mentioned the landing of military aircraft at Fiery Cross. In that statement, the U.S. accused China of exploiting nations’ distraction over COVID-19 to expand its “unlawful claims” in the South China Sea.

Also on the weekend, in a move calculated to demonstrate Chinese jurisdiction of the new districts, the Ministry of Civil Affairs and Ministry of Natural Resources released a new map naming each feature in the South China Sea it claims – an exhaustive list that was last updated in 1983.

The move by China to assert jurisdiction comes after a dueling series of diplomatic notes by China and rival claimants that were submitted to the United Nations. Malaysia’s initial submission claiming a part of the seabed in December sparked a protest from China, which in turn sparked further protests against China’s claim from the Philippines and Vietnam.

China issued its latest statement on Friday, and adopted a notably more aggressive tone towards Vietnam.

“China always opposes the invasion and illegal occupation by Viet Nam of some islands and reefs of China’s Nansha Qundao, and the activities infringing upon China’s rights and interests in the waters under China’s jurisdiction,” its submission to the United Nations’ Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) read. Nansha Qundao refers to the Spratly Islands.

“China resolutely demands that Viet Nam withdraw all the crews and facilities from the islands and reefs it has invaded and illegally occupied,” the note added.

Bhatt believes the continental shelf dispute and China’s new districts will figure prominently in the year’s discussions between China and ASEAN. Vietnam is currently protesting Chinese actions the loudest and may be best-placed to press the issue further as the current chair of the 10-nation ASEAN bloc, she said.

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US Watching if Beijing Declares Air Defense Zone in South China Sea

2020-06-24


General Charles Q. Brown, Jr. testifies on his nomination to be Chief of Staff, United States Air Force before the Senate Armed Services Committee in Washington, May 7, 2020.
General Charles Q. Brown, Jr. testifies on his nomination to be Chief of Staff, United States Air Force before the Senate Armed Services Committee in Washington, May 7, 2020.


The United States is closely watching reports that Beijing is planning to declare a so-called Air Defense Identification Zone in the skies above the disputed South China Sea, the American air force commander in the Pacific told reporters Wednesday.

A Chinese move to claim an ADIZ in the sea region could have a negative impact on the ability of nations to fly, sail and operate in a free and open Indo-Pacific “wherever international law allows,” Gen. Charles Q. Brown Jr. said during a special teleconference briefing from Hawaii.

“It really goes against the rules-based international order, and that’s concerning not only for PACAF and the United States, but I would say many of the nations in the region,” Brown said, referring to a potential Chinese ADIZ in the South China Sea, while he fielded questions from reporters across the region about a range of issues related to his Pacific Air Forces (PACAF) command.

“And this kind of impinges upon some of the international airspace, and it impacts not just the PACAF, but all the nations in the region,” he added. “And so, it’s important for us to pay attention to something like this.”

The air force commander said he was also “concerned by increasing opportunistic activity by the PRC [People’s Republic of China] to coerce its neighbors and press its unlawful maritime claims while the region and the world is focused on addressing the COVID pandemic.”

“We are committed to upholding the rules-based international order to maintain a free and open Indo-Pacific that protects the sovereignty of every nation, ensures the peaceful resolution of disputes without coercion, and promotes free, fair, and reciprocal trade, and preserves freedom of navigation and overflight,” Brown added.

His comments came amid news reports that two U.S. Navy aircraft-carrier strike groups were sailing together in the Philippine Sea – on the doorstep of the South China Sea – and had launched dual flight drills.

Beijing: ‘Every country has the right’

Recent reports have pointed to the possibility that Beijing is planning to declare an ADIZ in the South China Sea.

On Monday, a spokesman for the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs was asked to confirm a report that China was “getting more likely” to establish such an aerial zone in the strategic and potentially mineral-rich waterway.

“I’m not sure what the source of this report is, but I’d like to stress that every country has the right to establish an ADIZ and to decide whether to establish an ADIZ based on the intensity of the threats it faces in air defense security,” spokesman Zhao Lijian said, referring to a report in The Economist.

“In the light of the air security threats China faces above relevant waters of the South China Sea, China will carefully and prudently study the relevant issue taking into account all factors,” he added.

An ADIZ is a zone where all civilian aircraft must identify themselves and announce their location. In such a zone, civilian aircraft are tracked and identified before further entering into a country’s airspace, although an ADIZ does not restrict travel in and out of its limits, nor does it usually apply to military aircraft.

In practice, an ADIZ in the South China Sea would likely mean that civilian planes would need to report their presence to Chinese air traffic control, and could potentially be intercepted if they didn’t. However, China has not yet taken such action in an ADIZ it established seven years ago above the East China Sea, farther north.

Experts have said that enforcing such a zone, which would cover a vast area of the South China Sea, would present huge logistical challenges for the Chinese air force and could provoke a diplomatic backlash.

Other nations maintain airstrips on islands they occupy in the contested region. In the Spratly Islands, the Philippines, Vietnam and Taiwan are among countries that have built runways on territories they occupy.

China, for its part, has for years been expanding its territorial claims in the sea and has installed weapons systems and established military outposts, while deploying maritime militia vessels to the South China Sea.

The maritime region is claimed in whole or in part by China, the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Vietnam and Taiwan.

Indonesia urges firmness by ASEAN

Meanwhile in Jakarta on Wednesday, Indonesian Foreign Affairs Minister Retno Marsudi urged members of the ASEAN bloc to take a firm stance regarding Chinese territorial claims in the South China Sea.

Retno was speaking after taking part in an online meeting of foreign ministers of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. It took place two days before ASEAN leaders are to meet in an online summit Friday.

“Regarding the Nine-Dash Line claim in the South China Sea, Indonesia conveyed that ASEAN needs to show solidity regarding respect for the international legal principles including UNCLOS 1982 and all its mechanisms,” Indonesia’s top diplomat said in a statement.

Retno was referring to a boundary on Chinese maps that delineates the extent of Beijing’s claims in the sea and the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.

She also urged major powers to contribute to peace and disability in the sea region.

“Collaboration and cooperation must continue to be prioritized, not rivalry,” Retno said.

Indonesia is not among the countries with contending territorial claims in the South China Sea but tensions arose between Jakarta and Beijing in early 2020 and 2016 over the presence of Chinese fishing boats in waters off Indonesia’s Natuna Islands.

Last week, Retno said there was “no reason to negotiate” with China as she reaffirmed Jakarta’s stance that it has “no overlapping claims with China” in the maritime region.

Her earlier comments came days after Indonesia sent another diplomatic letter on the topic to United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres, in response to one submitted by China to the U.N. chief 10 days earlier.

In its letter, Beijing had invited Jakarta to negotiate what it called “overlapping claims of maritime rights and interests” in the South China Sea.

Reported by BenarNews, an RFA-afiliated news service.


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China Resumes Dredging at Woody Island in the Paracels

By Drake Long
2020-06-26

Satellite imagery of Woody Island’s northwest, showing dredging visible by the discoloration of the water and new sand structures built up nearby, with smaller artificial jetty-like structures are visible further down the coast, to the east, June 25, 2020.
Satellite imagery of Woody Island’s northwest, showing dredging visible by the discoloration of the water and new sand structures built up nearby, with smaller artificial jetty-like structures are visible further down the coast, to the east, June 25, 2020.


China is dredging in a bay at Woody Island, its biggest settlement in the South China Sea, likely to expand the artificial island’s northwest corner, satellite imagery shows.

This development in the disputed Paracel island chain, in the northern part of the South China Sea, comes amid mounting concern in Southeast Asia over China’s assertion of its sweeping territorial claims.

In an unusual move Friday, leaders of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, or ASEAN, pointedly called for maintaining free airspace over the South China Sea in reaction to reports that Beijing’s plans to establish an Air Defense Identification Zone over the region.

Woody Island, where the dredging appears to have been underway for several weeks, includes Sansha City, China’s main administrative center in the Paracels -- an archipelago of rocks and reefs disputed between China, Vietnam, and Taiwan.

Commercial satellite imagery between April 17 and June 25 shows the shallow fringing reef off Woody Island’s northwest coast, right next to the smaller of the island’s two harbors, has had a chunk dug out of its center. Also visible are a web of new land bridges that could be a foundation for more land reclamation, to expand the island.

Cranes or heavy machinery can be spotted working in the same spot on May 8. Based on Radio Free Asia and BenarNews’ review of the imagery, sand was likely dredged out of Woody Island’s shallows to create this new structure. The coastline nearest the foundation has been also been reinforced with what looks like a sea wall, and several smaller artificial jetty-like structures have been built at points along the coast to the east.

Woody Island often hosts ships of the China Coast Guard (CCG) and China’s maritime militia before they deploy elsewhere, harassing shipping of other South China Sea claimants. Satellite imagery taken on Friday shows three CCG ships in the island’s harbor, along with what looks like a barge carrying material or supplies.

China undertook a massive land reclamation campaign between 2014 and 2016 to create new artificial islands in the South China Sea, destroying the natural environment and militarizing the occupied rocks and reefs shortly thereafter.

Virtually all of China’s occupied features in the South China Sea have had parts dredged up to make way for new settlements and military outposts. But the four biggest bases China maintains in the South China Sea, Subi Reef, Fiery Cross Reef, Mischief Reef, and Woody Island, are virtually unrecognizable since land reclamation was finished in 2017, granting them deep-water harbors, airstrips, and living facilities. But small-scale dredging has continued, as this latest satellite imagery shows.

The new dredging on Woody Island comes at a sensitive time. Last month, Indonesia joined with Vietnam, the Philippines, and Malaysia in denouncing China’s sweeping assertion of sovereignty over the entirety of the South China Sea in a series of notes to the United Nations. Indonesia cited a 2016 ruling by the Permanent Court of Arbitration that struck down the legal basis of most of China’s claims to the disputed waters, definitively stating none of China’s ‘islands’ could generate exclusive economic zones and were only rocks.

More recently, China has tried to intimidate Vietnam, another claimant in the South China Sea, out of exploring for oil within its waters with an international partner by sending a government-operated survey vessel into Vietnam’s exclusive economic zone on June 17.

Vietnam was the chair of Friday’s virtual summit of ASEAN leaders. All the claimants to the South China Sea were taking part, save for China and Taiwan.

“While the world is fighting against COVID-19 pandemic, there are irresponsible actions, violating international law, effecting to security environment and stability in some regions, including the ASEAN region,” Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc said in his opening remarks, in a tacit reference to China.

The 10-member ASEAN bloc has long struggled to reach a consensus on issues related to the South China Sea, so Friday’s joint statement implicitly criticizing Beijing’s reported plans for an ADIZ was an unusually pointed expression of concern over rising tensions.

On Sunday, China adopted a revision to its law governing the People’s Armed Police (PAP), a paramilitary branch of its armed services that has been formally placed under the Central Military Commission alongside the People’s Liberation Army-Navy (PLAN).

The reform may signal that China wants to beef up the security forces it can draw on to police the South China Sea. The amended law now tasks the PAP with “maritime rights enforcement” and allows it to participate in joint exercises with the People’s Liberation Army. The China Coast Guard is a constituent part of the PAP.

This week, navies of several governments have been on maneuvers in the South China Sea – which is widely viewed as an effort to push back against China’s assertive behavior.

Japan performed a bilateral training drill with Singapore on Monday, and a bilateral exercise with the United States in the same area on Tuesday. The U.S. and Taiwan both sent maritime patrol aircraft south of Taiwan on Wednesday, seemingly tracking Chinese submarine movements in the area after a submarine was detected by Japan in the East China Sea last week.

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AFP

Japan city to rename area of islands disputed with China

Tokyo (AFP) - A local council in southern Japan voted Monday to rename an area including islands disputed with China and Taiwan, a move Beijing denounced as illegal and a "serious provocation".

The local assembly of Ishigaki city approved a plan to change the name of the area covering the Tokyo-controlled Senkaku Islands -- known by Taiwan and China as the Diaoyus -- from "Tonoshiro" to "Tonoshiro Senkaku".

Local media said another part of Ishigaki is also known as Tonoshiro, and the name change was cast as a bid to avoid confusion.

But the uninhabited islands are at the centre of a festering row between Tokyo and Beijing and the move by the small local council -- which does not carry national governmental weight -- sparked anger in both Taiwan and mainland China.

"The passing of the so-called administration designation bill by Japan is a serious provocation to China's territorial sovereignty," Chinese foreign ministry spokesman Zhao Lijian said in response to a question on the issue.

"It is illegal and invalid, and cannot change the fact that the Diaoyu islands belong to China," Zhao added, saying Beijing had lodged "solemn representations to Japan through diplomatic channels and reserves the right to make further responses".

Taiwan says the islands are part of its territory, and also protested the move.

"The sovereignty of Diaoyu islands belongs to our country and any move attempting to alter this fact is invalid," the foreign ministry said in a statement.

It said it had expressed "regret and stern protest" to Tokyo.

Japan's chief government spokesman declined to comment on the Ishigaki council move, but Tokyo has long complained about China's routine dispatch of its coast guard ships to waters surrounding the islands.

Relations between Japan and China deteriorated in 2012 when Tokyo "nationalised" some of the disputed islets and tensions have flared up periodically over the region.

burs-nf/sah/je


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Business

More F-35 Stealth Fighters Are Headed to South Korea

Click here to read the full article.

As tensions continue to rise on the Korean peninsula – with the Republic of Korea (South Korea) sending tanks and troops to the DMZ – the government in Seoul could rest easy in knowing that its air force will be bolstered by early next year with 40 additional F-35A stealth fighters. South Korea already received 13 F-35A fighters in 2019.

Lockheed Martin Corp.'s LMT business unit won a $183 million modification contract for the F-35 Lightning II, and work-related as part of the deal is expected to be completed by January of next year, according to a report from Zacks Equity Research. The deal calls for Lockheed to offer additional operation, security and technical services to support the program and work will be executed at the company's facilities in Fort Worth, Texas.

The recent contract modification follows the $675 million deal that the U.S. State Department approved in April, as part of the Pentagon's foreign military sales program. According to the Defense Security Cooperation Agency, the deal would fund support and services for South Korea's F-35 aircraft, engines, weapons and related equipment. Government and contractor technical and logistics support services; and other related elements of program support will also be provided.

DSCA said in a statement that the "proposed sale would support the foreign policy and national security objectives of the United states by meeting legitimate security and defense needs of one of its closest allies in the INDOPACOM Theater. The Republic of Korea is one of the major political and economic powers in East Asia and the Western Pacific and a key partner of the United States in ensuring peace and stability in the region."

South Korea, which has become one of Asia's economic tigers and is far more technologically advanced than its northern rival, has also developed a robust domestic arms industry – but it has also remained a key partner in the F-35 program.

By 2021, South Korea is also expected to have the third-biggest stealth fighting operation in Asia.

The F-35 currently dominates the combat aircraft market as it combines advance stealth capabilities with fighter speed and agility. And while it has been estimated that the cost of the program could exceed $1.5 trillion dollars, the program has been seen as the one of the most lethal but also cost-effective fighter programs today.

As financial analysts have also noted F-35 contracts such as this one with South Korea should be seen as a win for the Pentagon and U.S. allies. These bring the overall cost of the aircraft down, while production of the jets is only expected to continue. The U.S. military has a current inventory target of 2,456 aircraft for the Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps.

In May, an F-35A Lightning II assigned to the 58th Fighter Squadron crashed upon landing at Eglin Air Force Base, Fla. It was only the third such crash involving the Joint Strike Fighter – which had an otherwise excellent safety record. Aircraft manufacturer Lockheed Martin reported that the fleet of F-35s hit 250,000 flight hours this past March.

Peter Suciu is a Michigan-based writer who has contributed to more than four dozen magazines, newspapers and websites. He is the author of several books on military headgear including A Gallery of Military Headdress, which is available on Amazon.com.

Click here to read the full article.

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World

Taiwan jets 'drive away' intruding Chinese fighter plane, third intrusion in days

Reuters

TAIPEI (Reuters) - Taiwan air force jets "drove away" a Chinese fighter plane that briefly entered Taiwan's air defence identification zone on Tuesday, the defence ministry said, reporting the third intrusion in a week.

The single J-10 fighter was given radio warnings to leave before the Taiwanese air force jets ushered the intruder out of the airspace southwest of the island, the ministry said.

On Tuesday last week, the ministry said several Su-30 fighters, some of China's most advanced jets, crossed into the same airspace and were also warned to leave.

On Friday, the ministry said a Chinese Y-8, a propeller aircraft based on a Soviet-era design some of which have been retrofitted as surveillance aircraft, was warned too by Taiwan's air force to leave the air space, again in the southwest.

The Y-8 flight came a few hours after Taiwan said it had carried out missile tests off its eastern coast.

Taiwan has complained that China, which claims the democratic island as its own, has stepped up military activities in recent months, menacing Taiwan even as the world deals with the coronavirus pandemic.

China has not commented publicly on the last week of Chinese air force activity near Taiwan. Beijing routinely says such exercises are nothing unusual and are designed to show the country's determination to defend its sovereignty.

China has never renounced the use of force to bring Taiwan under its control. One of China's most senior generals last month said China would attack if there was no other way of stopping Taiwan becoming independent.

China is deeply suspicious of Taiwanese President Tsai Ing-wen, whom it accuses of being a separatist intent on declaring formal independence. Tsai says Taiwan is already an independent country called the Republic of China, its official name.

The United States has stepped up its military activities near the island too, with semi-regular navy voyages through the narrow Taiwan Strait.

(Reporting by Ben Blanchard; Editing by Simon Cameron-Moore)


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World

A History of the 2025 Sino–American War in the South China Sea

Michael Auslin
National Review

Editor’s note: This article is adapted from Michael R. Auslin’s book Asia’s New Geopolitics: Essays on Reshaping the Indo-Pacific (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 2020).

More than two decades after the fact, the reasons why the United States and the People’s Republic of China (PRC) avoided total war, let alone a nuclear exchange, during their armed conflict in the autumn of 2025 remain a source of dispute. What is clearer is why the Sino–American Littoral War broke out in the first place, and the course it took. Years of worsening U.S.–China relations, supercharged by the 2020 COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic that originated in Wuhan, China, and long fueled by endemic Chinese cyberattacks on American businesses and individuals, military jockeying in the South China Sea, and Beijing’s influence and propaganda campaigns, had created a deep reservoir of ill will and distrust of the other in each country.

When a series of accidents propelled Washington and Beijing into war, both sides were taken by surprise, but each saw the risk differently. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) feared the domestic repercussions of losing a war but had long convinced itself that Americans were a weak and uncommitted people who would not endanger their comfortable lifestyle. As for American leaders, they were naturally risk-averse and unconvinced they could maintain a major military campaign so far from home against the world’s second-most-powerful military. Each, therefore, tripped into war without a full plan for how to dominate and win. The result of the conflict — the establishment of three geopolitical blocs in East Asia — continues to this day. The resulting cold war between the United States and China became the defining feature of geopolitics in the Asia-Pacific in the middle of the 21st century.

The Gray Rhino: September 8–9, 2025
The Littoral War began with a series of accidental encounters in the skies and waters near Scarborough Shoal, in the South China Sea. Beijing had effectively taken control of the shoal, long a point of contention between China and the Philippines, in 2012. After Philippines president Rodrigo Duterte, who had steadily moved Manila toward China during the late 2010s, was impeached and removed from office, the Philippines’ new president steadily moved to reassert Manila’s claim to the shoal, and by the summer of 2025 sent coastal-patrol boats into waters near the contested territory. When armed People’s Armed Forces Maritime Militia (PAFMM) vessels pushed out the Philippine forces in early July, Manila appealed to Washington under its security treaty for assistance.

Prior Philippine requests for U.S. help in dealing with China had been largely shunted aside by Washington, even during the Trump administration. However, new U.S. president Gavin Newsom, who had been dogged during the 2024 campaign by allegations that Chinese cyber operations had benefited his candidacy, saw the Philippine request as an opportunity to show his willingness to take a hard line against Beijing. Newsom increased U.S. Air Force flights over the contested territory, using air bases made available by Manila, and sent the carrier USS Gerald Ford, along with escort vessels, on a short transit. On two occasions in late July, U.S. and Chinese ships came close to running into each other due to aggressive maneuvering by the People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN), and a U.S. Navy FA-18 operating from the Gerald Ford was forced to take emergency evasive action to avoid colliding with a PLANAF J-15. Despite the increasing tensions, the U.S. Navy ships returned to Japan at the beginning of August, yet no diplomatic attempts were made to alter the trajectory of events. The fact that both sides knew some type of armed encounter was increasingly possible, if not probable, yet seemed to ignore the risk, led pundits to call the events surrounding the clash an example of a “gray rhino,” unlike the complete surprise represented by a “black swan” occurrence. Ironically, CCP general secretary Xi Jinping himself had warned about the dangers of “gray rhinos” back in 2018 and 2019.

In response to the brief uptick in U.S. Navy freedom-of-navigation operations near other Chinese-claimed territory in the Spratly and Paracel island chains, Beijing decided to fortify Scarborough Shoal, building airstrips and naval facilities as it had done in the Spratlys. As Scarborough lay only 140 miles from Manila, China’s announcement set off alarm bells in the Philippines. As Chinese naval construction ships approached Scarborough on September 4, dozens of small Philippine boats, many of them private, attempted to block them. On the second day of the maritime encounter, a Chinese frigate rammed a Philippine fishing boat, sinking it, with the loss of two Philippine fishermen. As news spread over the next several days, dozens more Philippine vessels, including the country’s entire coast guard, confronted the Chinese. Though no further ship collisions occurred, worldwide broadcast of video of the maritime confrontation further inflamed tensions.

At this point, on Saturday, September 6, U.S. Indo–Pacific Command, acting directly under orders from U.S. secretary of defense Michele Flournoy, dispatched one guided-missile destroyer, the USS Curtis Wilbur, and the Independence-class littoral combat ship USS Charleston (LCS-18) to the waters off Scarborough, and ordered the USS John C. Stennis aircraft carrier to head from its home port in Bremerton, Wash., to Pearl Harbor. In order not to inflame the high tensions, however, the White House and Pentagon decided not to send the Gerald Ford to the area. Instead, another U.S. guided-missile destroyer, USS Stethem (DDG 63), and a mine-countermeasures ship, the USS Patriot (MCM 7), were ordered to transit the Taiwan Strait. The next day, Beijing announced an air-defense identification zone over the entire South China Sea, demanding that all non-Chinese aircraft submit their flight plans to Chinese military authorities and receive clearance to proceed. While the U.S. Air Force and Navy immediately rejected China’s authority over the South China Sea, Chinese army and navy aerial patrols increased, and international civilian airliners complied with Beijing’s demands.

On Monday, September 8, at approximately 18:30 local time (10:30 Greenwich time; 00:30 Hawaii time; 05:30 Eastern time), a U.S. Navy EP-3 surveillance flight out of Japan over the Spratlys was intercepted by a PLAAF J-20 taking off from Fiery Cross Reef, in the same chain. After warning off the EP-3, the J-20 attempted a barrel roll over the American plane. The Chinese pilot sheared off most of the EP-3’s tail and left rear stabilizer; the Chinese plane lost a wing and went into an unrecoverable spin into the sea. The EP-3 also could not recover and plunged into the sea, killing all 22 Americans aboard. Tragically, the EP-3 was not even supposed to be flying, as the U.S. Navy had intended to replace the fleet with unmanned surveillance drones by 2020, but cost overruns and delays in the drone program led to occasional use of a limited number of aging manned aircraft in the region, especially when real-time interpretation of data was required.

Roughly 30 minutes later, before word of the EP-3’s downing had reached U.S. Indo–Pacific Command in Hawaii, let alone Washington or Beijing, 13 nautical miles northwest of Scarborough Shoal, the Bertholf (WMSL-750), a U.S. Coast Guard cutter returning from a training mission along with the Japan Coast Guard Kunigami-class patrol vessel Motobu, out of Naha in Okinawa, was approached by a cutter-class armed Chinese Coast Guard (CCG) ship. After broadcasting warnings for the Bertholf and the Motobu to leave the area, the Chinese ship attempted to maneuver in front of the American ship, to turn its bow. The CCG captain miscalculated and struck the Bertholf amidships, caving in the mess and one of its enlisted crew compartments. The Bertholf began taking on water and attempted to turn east toward the Philippines while emergency crews attempted to keep the ship afloat. The CCG ship immediately left the scene without rendering assistance. Six US sailors later were declared missing and presumed dead in the collision, while three Chinese CCG sailors were swept overboard and lost at sea.

Being the closest U.S. naval vessel to the downed EP-3 surveillance pland, the Curtis Wilbur raced toward the site of its crash, while the Charleston moved to assist the Bertholf. Nighttime darkness caused confusion for rescue and patrol operations on both sides. Two PLAN ships returned to the scene of the maritime collision to search for the lost Chinese seamen, coming in close quarters with the Motobu — which was helping in rescue operations to stabilize the American vessel — as well as with the littoral combat ship Charleston, which arrived several hours later. Mechanical trouble kept the Bertholf from making way under her own power, and she began to drift back toward PLAN vessels. In the darkness, U.S. ships and the Japanese attempted to disengage with the Chinese vessels, while continually warning the other side to stand down so rescue operations could continue.

After several close encounters, one Type 052D Luyang III class PLAN destroyer, the Taiyuan, activated its fire-control radar and locked on the Motobu. The captain of the thousand-ton Japanese patrol ship, knowing he could not survive a direct hit from the PLAN destroyer, radioed repeated demands that the radar be turned off. When no Chinese response was forthcoming, and with rescue operations ongoing, the Motobu’s commander fired one round from his Bushmaster II 30 mm chain gun across the bow of the Taiyuan. In response, a nearby Chinese frigate, thinking it was under attack from the Japanese Coast Guard ship, fired a torpedo in the direction of the Motobu. In the congested seas, however, the torpedo hit the Charleston, which was transiting between the Chinese and Japanese ships, ripping a hole below the waterline. The lightly armored littoral combat ship, with a complement of 50 officers and seamen, foundered in just 25 minutes, with an unknown loss of life, at 01:30 (17:30 Greenwich time; 07:30 Hawaii time; 10:30 Eastern time) on Tuesday, September 9. U.S. surveillance drones flying over the melee recorded parts of the encounter and flashed images back to U.S. commanders in the region.

With radio and electronic traffic flashing between Honolulu and Washington, America’s military leaders in the Pacific began to mobilize the U.S. fleet in Hawaii and Japan to steam into the South China Sea, and launched F-35 fighters from Okinawa to begin forcing Chinese air-force planes out of the skies. After more than a decade of rising tension and distrust between China and the United States, a series of accidents threw the two antagonists against each other. The Littoral War had begun.

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HIMARS Could Be A Game-changer In The Philippines Fight Against China

Michael Peck
The National Interest

Click here to read the full article.
Here's What You Need To Remember: “Absent an abrupt change in foreign policy outlook by President Duterte, it is unlikely the Philippines would acquire HIMARS in the near future,” says Brian Harding, an Asian security expert at the Washington-based Center for Strategic and International Studies. “In addition to the price tag, Duterte would likely find HIMARS to be too provocative vis-à-vis China.”
The United States and the Philippines have been discussing whether the Filipino military should buy the High-Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS), a multiple rocket launcher used by the United States and other nations, according to the South China Morning Post.
“If deployed, the long-range, precision-guided rockets fired by the system would be able to strike Chinese man-made islands on reefs in the Spratly chain,” the newspaper said. HIMARS is a lighter, more mobile six-barreled version of the U.S. Army’s M270 multiple rocket launch system (MLRS). It can shoot rockets out to 70 kilometers (43 miles) and GPS-guided ballistic missiles out to 300 kilometers (186 miles).
However, funding from the cash-strapped Philippines is a hurdle. “The two sides have been unable to reach a deal because HIMARS could be too expensive for Manila given its tight defense budget,” said the newspaper.
Exactly how much does HIMARS cost? Manufacturer Lockheed Martin refused to give cost estimates, instead referring queries to the U.S. Army’s Aviation and Missile Command, which didn’t respond to questions from TNI. The cost of HIMARS is split between the launcher itself and separate contracts for various munitions including guided and unguided rockets, the longer-range Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS) missiles, and weapons under development such as extended-range rockets and the Precision Strike Missile.
Some estimates put the cost of a HIMARS guided rocket at $100,000 to $200,000 apiece, or an ATACMS at more than $700,000 apiece. Another clue is that Poland recently signed a $414 million contract for eighteen launchers plus support and training. With the 2019 Philippines defense budget at only $3.4 billion, a big HIMARS purchase would be a strain.
Yet HIMARS is still a cheaper option than, say, a $1.4 million Tomahawk cruise missile. And the Philippines had already had a taste of HIMARS. The weapon was deployed there by U.S. Marines in 2016 during the joint U.S.-Philippines Balikatan exercises. Collin Koh Swee Lean, a Singaporean defense analyst, told the South China Morning Post that “there were two possible locations for the system: Palawan province in the Philippines and Thitu, or Zhongye in Chinese—the largest island held by Manila in the disputed Spratly chain. From Palawan, HIMARS could launch a missile at its maximum range to hit China’s man-made island at Mischief Reef, Koh said. But Thitu island would also be vulnerable to PLA air and missile strikes because it is only about 22 kilometers (14 miles) from China-occupied Subi Reef, and within striking range of missiles originating from the Paracel Islands and Hainan.”
The cheaper price tag of HIMARS compared to other weapons does make it attractive. “The idea of purchasing HIMARS systems may be one of the few viable options in response to China's artificial islands and continuing and increasingly provocative actions in the SCS [South China Sea],” says Jay Batongbacal, director of the Philippines-based Institute for Maritime Affairs and Law of the Sea.
Yet Batongbacal does not see a sale any time soon. “The Philippines is probably not yet in a position to make a purchase,” he told The National Interest. “It is also not likely to arm its own possessions significantly, for fear of Chinese reaction.”
American experts agree. “Absent an abrupt change in foreign policy outlook by President Duterte, it is unlikely the Philippines would acquire HIMARS in the near future,” says Brian Harding, an Asian security expert at the Washington-based Center for Strategic and International Studies. “In addition to the price tag, Duterte would likely find HIMARS to be too provocative vis-à-vis China.”
But Harding believes this could change. “Just as Duterte has dramatically reoriented Philippine foreign policy, there could again be an abrupt change with a new president in 2022. A new president could also seek to accelerate the implementation of the U.S.-Philippines Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement, which could potentially provide an avenue for the United States to deploy systems such as HIMARS in the Philippines.”
Indeed, perhaps the more interesting possibility isn’t Philippines-owned rockets, but American-operated rockets on Philippines soil. “I think observers shouldn’t just think about capabilities that the Philippines could acquire on its own,” Harding warns. “EDCA provides a vehicle for the United States to deploy its own platforms on a rotational basis, which could be a way to potentially move high-end capabilities into the region, if agreed to by leaders.”
Michael Peck is a contributing writer for the National Interest. He can be found on Twitter and Facebook. This first appeared earlier in the year.
Image: Wikipedia.
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Click here to read the full article.